Biology Notes For MDCAT and FSc

 Biology Notes For MDCAT 

#Summary_of_Kingdom_Anamalia:

🎀(1) #PHYLUM_PORIFERA

👉Porous body

👉CaCO3 Silica Skeleton

👉Asymmetrical

👉Amphiblastula larva

👉Diffuse cellular organization

👉Spongocoel body cavity

🎀(2) #PHYLUM_CNIDARIA

👉Radially symmetrical

👉Body cavity “Coelentron”

👉Pnedoblast – Defensive cells

👉Diploblast (Ecto + Endoderm)

👉Middle non-cellular layer “Mesoglea”

👉Larva – Planula Larva

👉Morphologically

👉a- Medusa = Umbrella like

👉b- Polyp = Rod shaped

🎀(3) #PHYLUM_PLATYHELMINTHES

👉Flatworms

👉Totally Parasite

👉Flat or Ribbon shaped

👉Excretory organs – Proto nephridia (Flame cells)

👉Aeoelomate (Absence of body cavity)

👉It is the first phylum containing triplo blastic animals

👉Usually Hermaphrodites

👉Planaria is the only free living member

👉High fertility rate

👉Bilaterally Symmetrical

🎀(4) #PHYLUM_ASCHELMINTHES (NEMATODA – ROUND WORMS)

👉Totally parasitic including 50 human parasite

👉Bilaterally symmetrical with cylindrical body

👉Two openings (Mouth & Anus)

👉Psudocoelomates

👉Common diseases – Ascariasis, filiariasis (elephantiasis), hook worm infection.

🎀(5) #PHYLUM_ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS)

👉Metamers (External segmentation)

👉Septae (Internal segmentation)

👉Setae (Locomotary organs) or cheata

👉Digestive, excretory, nervous, reproductive 👉system well developed.

👉Respiration through diffusion

👉Blood is red with a closed type of circulatory 👉system (with many pulsatile hearts)

🎀#CLASS_POLYCHEATA

👉Setae with Parapodia

👉Separate sexes

👉Sabella (Peacock worm), Nereis (Clam worm)

🎀#CLASS_OLIGOCHEATA

👉Setae without Parapodia

👉Pheretima (Earth worm)

🎀#CLASS_HIRUNDINIA (LEACHES)

👉Free living, Ecto or Endo parasite

👉Contains a Enzyme hirudin which prevents blood clotting

🎀(6) #PHYLUM_MOLLUSCA (SOFT BODIED ANIMAL)

👉Second largest phylum

👉Largest invertebrate – Gram squlds

👉External hard covering calcium carbonate shell

👉A grinding structure radula is present in the buccal cavity

👉Thin membraneous covering of the body – mantle

👉Respiration through gills

👉Locomotary organ a mascular foot

👉Larva – Trocophore larva

🎀#CLASS_GASTROPODA

👉A phenomenon torsion is present in which the animal body rotates at the angle of 180˚

Example: Pila

🎀#CLASS_BIVALVIA

👉Second largest class of mollusca

👉Shell consist of two parts and attached with eachother by hinge joint

👉Common examples: Unio, mytilus and pearl oysters

🎀#CLASS_CEPHALOPODA

👉All members are marine

👉Locomotary organ foot transformed into suckers which bears tentacles and arms

👉Example: Sepia (cuttle fish), loligo (squids), octopus (devil fish)

👉Shell is absent in octopus

🎀🎀(7) #PHYLUM_ARTHROPODA ( JOINTED LEGS)

👉Largest phylum

👉One million species

👉Metamerically segmented animals

👉Blood filled cavity hoemocoel is present

👉Blood without haemoglobin (white)

👉Respiration: Gills, Trachea or Book lungs

👉Excretory organs malphigian tubules

👉Nervous system well developed

👉Compound erges with sharp vision

👉Metamorphosis = developmental changes which transforms a larva into its developed adult form

👉Incomplete metamorphosis = egg → nymph → adult e.g. cockroach

👉Complete metamorphosis = ®️ egg ®️ larva ®️ pupa ®️ adult e.g. Butterfly, common, housefly and mosquito

👉Moulting (ecdysis)

👉Changing over of old exoskeleton and formation of a new one

👉Apiculture => Farming of honey bees

Sericulture => Farming of silk worms

🎀#CLASS_MEROSTOMATA

👉Limulus (king crab)

🎀#CLASS_ARCHINIDA (SPIDER LIKE)

👉Group of Spiders & Scorpions

👉Respiration through book lungs

👉Four pair of walking legs

🎀#CLASS_CRUSTACEA

👉Class of prawns, shrimps, lobsters, crabs

👉Two pairs of antenae, one pair of mandible and two pair of maxilla

👉Exoskeleton a large plate of carapase

👉Sacculina is the only parasitic member

🎀#CLASS_MYRIAPODA

👉Class of millipedes and centipedes

👉Body is divided into similar multiple segments

🎀#CLASS_INSECTA OR HEXAPODA

👉Largest class (eight lakhs & 50,000 members)

👉Study of insects is called entomology

👉Three pairs of walking legs

👉Pterygota (insects with wings)

👉Apterygota (insects without wings)

Social insects: Ants, termites, honey bees

🎀(8) #PHYLUM_ECHINODERMATA (ANIMAL WITH SPINY SKIN)

👉Marine animals

👉Radially symmetrical

👉Pentamerous body

👉Water vascular system is present

👉Locomotary organs are tube feets = External 👉openings of the water vascular system

👉Exoskeleton is made up of calcarious plates in the form of spines

👉Power of regemeration is very great

👉Phylum echinodermata, hemichordata & chordate posses common ancestor

Bipinnaria larva is present

👉Common e.g. Sea Star (Star fish, Brittle star, Sea dollar, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers.

🎀(9) #PHYLUM_HEMICHORDATA (ANIMAL WITH HALF NOTOCHORD)

👉Notochord in future = Vertebral column + Skull

👉Dorsal nerve cord = Brain and Spinal cord

👉Pharengeal gill slits <–>Aquatic animals = gills

-👉> Terrestrial = Internal neck structures

👉Only 90 species are present

👉Larva is tornaria larva

👉Open circulatory system

🎀(10) #PHYLUM_CHORDATA

🎀GROUP #ACRANIATA

👉Brain without any covering or skull

🎀SUB-PHYLUM #UROCHORDATA

👉Also known as tunicates

👉Body is enclosed in a sac tunic

👉Only embryonical stages show chordate characters

🎀SUB-PHYLUM CEPHALO CHORDATA

👉Embryonic as well as adult both forms show typical chordate characters

🎀GROUP #CRANIATA OR VERTEBRATA

👉Brain and spinal cord is enclosed in a hard covering skull & vertebral column respectively

🎀SUB-PHYLUM #AGNATHA (ANIMALS WITHOUT JAWS)

👉Also known as cyclostomes or jawless fishes

👉Totally parasitic

👉Teeth are present in the form of rings

👉Common e.g. Hag fishes, lamprey

🎀SUB–PHYLUM #GNATHOSTOMATA (ANIMAL WITH JAWS)

👉Teeth may be present or absent

👉Amphibians and bird lack teeth

👉Fishes, reptiles, mammals do have teeth

🎀1. SUPER – CLASS PICSES (#FISHES)

👉Study of fish is known as echthylogy

🎀SUB – CLASS #CHONDRICHTHYES (CARTILAGENOUS FISHES)

👉Endo skeleton is cartilaginous (soft boned)

👉Exoskeleton – Placoid scales

👉Fins are heterocircle (different size and shaped)

👉Gills without any covering

👉Common example (Sharks, Squids, torpedo, electric ray)

👉Scolidoen (dog fish) – Small Shark

SUB – CLASS #OSTEOCHYTHES (BONY FISHES)

👉Exoskeleton cycloid or ctenoid scales

Operculum is present (covering of gills)

👉Fins are homocircle (Same size and shape)

👉Lung fishes are included in order dipnoi.

🎀2. SUPER CLASS #TETRAPODA

🎀1. CLASS #AMPHIBIA

👉Exoskeleton is absent

👉Respiration by lungs, gills or skin

👉Fertilization is external

👉Cold blooded

👉Having the characteristics of hibernation & aestivation

👉Common e.g. Toads, frogs, salamanders etc.

🎀2. CLASS #REPTILIA

👉Included in group amniota due to the presence of amnion in eggs

👉Fertilization is internal

👉Exoskeleton is made up of thick horny scales

👉Important members are snakes, turtles, lizards, crocodiles and alligators

👉Venom → Snake poison

👉Fangs → sharped and curved teeth of snake

🎀3. CLASS #AVES (BIRDS)

👉Study of birds is called ornithology

👉They posses hollow bones (Pneumatic bones)

👉Sound producing organ “Syrinx” is present instead of larynx.

👉Teeth totally absent.

🎀SUB CLASS #RETITA (FLIGHT LESS BIRDS)

E.g. Penguin, Kiwi, Ostrich.

Ostrich → Largest Bird.

🎀SUB CLASS #CARNIATAE (FLYING BIRDS)

👉Wings with interlocking system.

👉Common e.g. Peacock, Seagulls, Kites, Falcon etc.

👉Archeopetryx → Intermediate specie between reptiles and birds.

🎀4. CLASS #MAMMALIA

👉Presence of mammary glands and hairs.

👉A muscular organ diaphragm, which separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity.

👉Teeth are present with different size and shape (heterodont).

👉a- Incissors → for biting and cutting purpose

👉b- Canives → Tearing purpose

👉c- Pre-Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose

👉d- Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose

🎀SUB CLASS #PROTOTHERA (EGG LAYING MAMMALS)

👉Also called monotremous.

👉Two genera with 3 species

Oviparous.

👉Common urogenital opening Cloaca is present.

👉External ear is absent.

👉It is a connecting link between reptiles and true mammals. e.g. spiny anteater, duck billed platypus.

🎀SUB CLASS #METATHERIA (POUCHED MAMMALS)

Marsupials

👉Give birth to live young ones.

👉Special pouch like bag is present in the ventral side of female.

👉This pouch is known as marsupial.

Common e.g. Kangaroo, Kuala bear, Opossums.

🎀SUB CLASS #EUTHERIA (PLACENTAL ANIMALS)

👉95% of mammals are included in this group.

Viviparous.

👉Placenta → connecting link between mother and fetus.

👉Common e.g. Camel, donkey, elephant, bat, whale, dolphins 🐬 

🎀💝🍁

●𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻𝘀●𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆●𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗲𝘀●

𝟭- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗔": Night blindness 

𝟮- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗕𝟭": Beriberi

𝟯- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗕𝟮": Ariboflavinosis 

𝟰- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗕𝟯": Pellagra 

𝟱- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗕𝟱": Parestheia 

𝟲- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗕𝟲": Anemia 

𝟳- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗕𝟳": Dermititis and enteritis 

𝟴- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗕𝟵" - "𝗕𝟭𝟮": Megaloblastic anemia 

𝟵- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗕𝟭𝟳": Cancer 

𝟭𝟬- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗖": Scurvy and swelling of gums 

𝟭𝟭- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗗": Rickets and Osteomalacia 

𝟭𝟮- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗘": Less fertility 

𝟭𝟯- 𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 "𝗞": Non-Clotting of blood

*#_Solved_MCQs_of_Biology_for_friends*

*1. What is the body temperature of a normal man?*

A. 81.1oC

*B. 36.9oC*

C. 98.6oC

D. 21.7oC

*2. Which of the following helps in clotting of blood?*

A. Vitamin B1

B. Vitamin B2

C. Vitamin D

*D. Vitamin K*

*3.Total volume of blood in a normal adult human being is*

*A. 5-6 liters★*

B. 3-4 liters

C. 8-10 liters

D. 10-12 liters

*4. Red blood corpuscles are formed in the*

A. Liver

*B. Bone marrow*

C. Kidneys

D. Heart

*5. How many bones are there in an adult human being?*

A. 210

B. 260

*C. 206*

D. 300

*6. The pancreas secretes*

*A. Insulin*

B. Bile juice

C. Peptic juice

D. None of these

*7. Tibia is a bone found in the*

A. Skull

B. Arm

*C. Leg*

D. Face

*8. The largest part of the human brain is the*

A. Medulla oblongata

B. Cerebellum

*C. Cerebrum*

D. None of these

*9. What is the main component of bones and teeth?*

A. Calcium carbonate

*B. Calcium phosphate*

C. Calcium sulphate

D. Calcium nitrate

*10. The main constituent of hemoglobin is*

A. Chlorine

*B. Iron*

C. Calcium

D. None of these

*11. The main function of the kidney is*

A. To control blood pressure

B. To control body temperature

*C. To remove waste product from the body*

D. To help in digestion of food

*12. The function of hemoglobin is*

*A. Transportation of oxygen*

B. Destruction of bacteria

C. Prevention of anemia

D. Utilization of energy

*13. Which of the following glands secrete tears?*

*A. Lachrymal*

B. Pituitary

C. Thyroid

D. Pancreas

*14. Which is the largest gland in the human body?*

A. Thyroid

*B. Liver*

C. Pancreas

D. None of these

*15. Which is the largest organ in the human body?*

A. Liver

B. Heart

*C. Skin*

D. Kidney

*16. A person of which of the following blood groups is called a universal donor?*

*A. O*

B. AB

C. A

D. B

*17. Which gland in the human body is called the master gland?*

A. Pancreas

B. Thyroid

*C. Pituitary*

D. Spleen

*18. How many bones are there in a newly born infant?*

A. 206

B. 230

C. 280

*D. 300*

*19. Which of the following have maximum calorific value?*

*A. Carbohydrates* B. Fats

 C. Proteins D. Vitamins

*20. Which of the following vitamins promote healthy functioning of eyes in human beings?*

A. Vitamin B B. Vitamin C

*C. Vitamin A* D. Vitamin D. 

*21. The average heartbeat per minute in a normal man is*

A. 50 B. *70*

C. 80 D. 100

*22. A person with which of the following blood groups can receive blood of any group?*

A. A B. *AB*

C. B D. O

*23. Malaria is a disease which effects the*

A. Heart B. Lungs

*C. Spleen* D. Kidneys

*24. Which of the following diseases is caused by virus?*

*A. Small pox * B. Tuberculosis

C. Malaria D. Cholera

*25. Medulla oblongata is a part of human*

A. Heart *B. Brain*

C. Liver D. Sex organ

*26. Myopia is a disease connected with*

A. Ears *B. Eyes*

C. Lungs D. Brain

*27. Leukemia is a disease of the*

A. Lungs *B. Blood*

C. Skin D. Nerves

*28. Short-sightedness can be corrected by using*

A. Convex lens *B. Concave lens*

C. Convex-concave lens D. Concave-convex lens

*29. Trachoma is a disease of the*

A. Liver *B. Eyes*

C. Lungs D. Kidneys

*30. Match the following*

*Column I Column II*

A. Beriberi 1. Vitamin A

B. Scurvy 2. Vitamin B

*C. Rickets 3. Vitamin C*

D. Night Blindness 4. Vitamin D

*31. Typhoid and cholera are typical examples of*

A. Infectious diseases B. Air-borne disease

*C. Water-borne disease* D. None of these

*32. Pyorrhea is a disease of the*

A. Nose *B. Gums*

C. Heart D. Lungs

*33. Lack of what causes diabetes.*

A. Sugar *B. Insulin*

C. Calcium D. Vitamin

Regards.....

                    .....*MBBS LOVER 🩺*.....